The relationship between tobacco and cannabis consumption has long puzzled researchers, with evidence suggesting these substances can act as either complements or substitutes. New research published in the Journal of Population Economics sheds light on how this relationship changes with age, offering insights for policymakers grappling with public health and taxation policies.
Key Findings: Age Shapes Drug Relationships
The study, conducted by researchers at Curtin University and RMIT University, examined data from nearly 100,000 participants in Australia’s National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS). It revealed:
- Under-40 Demographic: Tobacco and cannabis are complements for younger individuals. A rise in tobacco prices correlates with decreased use of both substances.
- 40 to 50 Age Group: No significant economic relationship was observed between the two substances.
- Over-50 Demographic: For older individuals, tobacco and cannabis are substitutes. Higher tobacco prices lead to increased cannabis use.
Consumption Patterns and Risk Perception
Younger Users: Bundled Consumption
Younger Australians are more likely to consume cannabis and tobacco together, often rolling them into “spliffs” or “mulled cigarettes.” This bundling behavior underscores their complementary nature in this age group.
Older Users: Substitution and Risk Management
Older Australians, who tend to be more risk-averse, often limit their overall substance consumption. When tobacco prices rise, they are more likely to turn to cannabis as a substitute.
The Middle Years: A Complex Transition
The absence of a clear relationship for the 40–50 age group may reflect transitional consumption patterns influenced by life circumstances and evolving health priorities.
Implications for Policy and Public Health
Tobacco Taxation and Cannabis Use
Australia’s tobacco excise taxes are among the highest globally, and further increases could influence cannabis consumption in different ways depending on the demographic.
A simulated 10% rise in tobacco prices yielded these projections:
- Overall Cannabis Use: A net decrease of 240,000 users nationwide.
- Under-40 Population: A significant drop of 340,000 users.
- Over-50 Population: An increase of 68,000 users.
Balancing Unintended Effects
Policymakers must weigh the benefits of reducing tobacco consumption against the potential for increased cannabis use among older Australians. Tailored approaches may be necessary to address the unique consumption dynamics of each age group.
Broader Context
Shifts in Drug Use
While tobacco use has declined significantly in Australia over recent decades, the rise of vaping, particularly among younger individuals, complicates the picture. Similarly, cannabis use remains widespread, with 41% of Australians over 14 reporting lifetime use.
Future Research Directions
Understanding how emerging substances like e-cigarettes and synthetic cannabinoids fit into this dynamic will be critical for shaping comprehensive drug policies.
