Some of the year’s most significant cannabis-related changes unfolded at the state level in 2024, with voters rejecting some legalization measures, while others saw the expansion of regulated markets. Amid controversies, new sales records, and legal disputes, states took center stage in shaping the marijuana landscape.
Voters Shut Down Legalization in Three States
Florida’s Narrow Defeat
Florida’s Amendment 3, a proposed measure to legalize adult-use marijuana, fell short despite 55.9% support—just below the 60% threshold needed to amend the state constitution. The campaign saw high-profile endorsements, including Donald Trump’s, but this failed to sway enough voters.
Governor Ron DeSantis actively opposed the initiative, with accusations of misusing state resources to fund anti-legalization PSAs adding controversy. Even after the defeat, a Republican lawmaker proposed limited legalization for noncommercial personal use at home. GOP leaders dismissed the idea, leaving legalization efforts at a standstill.
Rejection in the Dakotas
North Dakota voters rejected Measure 5, which aimed to allow adults to grow and purchase marijuana. Advocates highlighted potential revenue losses compared to neighboring states with established markets, but opposition from law enforcement and medical groups proved decisive.
South Dakota faced a similar outcome with Measure 29, marking the third failed attempt to legalize adult-use marijuana since 2020. Local organizations and religious groups heavily opposed the initiative, reflecting lingering skepticism among voters.
Nebraska Legalizes Medical Marijuana Amid Legal Challenges
Nebraska took a significant step by legalizing medical marijuana through two ballot measures. However, legal disputes clouded the victory. Lawsuits challenging the validity of voter signatures remain unresolved, with one case heading to the Nebraska Supreme Court.
For now, the state’s Medical Cannabis Commission has until July 2025 to establish rules, with sales expected to begin by October of that year.
Expanding Markets and Record-Breaking Sales
Success Stories in New York and New Jersey
New York and New Jersey saw tremendous growth in marijuana sales this year. New York’s fledgling market began hitting its stride, while New Jersey reported record-breaking revenues, solidifying its place as a cannabis hub in the Northeast.
Ohio and North Carolina Make Strides
Ohio launched its regulated cannabis market, creating new opportunities for businesses and consumers alike. Meanwhile, North Carolina witnessed an unexpected milestone: the first retail marijuana store opened on tribal land, a bold move by the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in a state where cannabis remains illegal.
Hemp-Derived THC Under Fire
States cracked down on hemp-derived cannabinoids like delta-8 THC in 2024, reflecting growing concerns over unregulated markets. While federal regulators have yet to step in, several states implemented restrictions, arguing that these products pose safety risks. Critics of the bans argue they stifle innovation and consumer choice, setting the stage for ongoing debates.
Political Roadblocks to Legalization
Virginia: A Governor’s Veto
Virginia’s lawmakers passed a compromise bill to establish a regulated cannabis market, but Governor Glenn Youngkin vetoed it. Although personal use and limited cultivation remain legal, sales remain prohibited. Advocates plan to reintroduce the bill in 2025, though Youngkin’s expected resistance remains a hurdle.
New Hampshire’s Last-Minute Collapse
New Hampshire came close to legalizing adult-use marijuana in 2024, but internal divisions derailed the effort. House Democrats, wary of the proposed state-controlled model, tabled the bill just hours before the legislative session ended. The election of Republican Governor Kelly Ayotte, a vocal opponent of legalization, further diminished the chances of future reform.
State Cannabis Sales Growth in 2024 (in millions)
| State | 2023 Sales | 2024 Sales | % Growth |
|---|---|---|---|
| New York | $1,200 | $1,800 | 50% |
| New Jersey | $1,000 | $1,500 | 50% |
| Ohio | N/A | $400 | N/A |
| Florida (Medical) | $1,500 | $1,650 | 10% |
The cannabis landscape remains a patchwork of progress and setbacks. As 2025 approaches, advocates and lawmakers continue to wrestle with the complexities of legalization and regulation, with states leading the charge in shaping the future of cannabis in the United States.
